THE EFFECTIVENESS OF WOMEN'S LEADERSHIP IN THE DIGITAL ERA

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of women's leadership in the digital era where there is still controversy in society. The method used in this research is a systematic literature review based on theoretical studies from a search of journals, books and papers both on a national and international scale. The data collection technique was carried out by collecting several previous studies to answer problems related to the effectiveness of women's leadership in the digital era. Furthermore, previous research was compiled, analyzed, and concluded to obtain conclusions regarding the effectiveness of women's leadership in the digital era. This study shows that women are effective in becoming leaders because they have a responsible, caring attitude and are ready to face any challenges that exist, including in the digital era, without putting aside their domestic role.


Introduction
Leadership is an attitude that each individual must possess; whether or not one's leadership is effective can be seen from the skills in influencing others because the leader has a role to motivate his subordinates. Today in an organization, a leader is dominated by men, but in reality, women also can become leaders. Leadership cannot be separated from human resources alone; many people perceive a person's ability to lead by gender. It triggers gender discrimination, where this condition is very detrimental to women. At the same time, women are the most numerous human resources.
However, as time continues to grow from year to year, women's thinking is also developing towards leadership. It can be seen from the number of women who participate in the political arena and occupy high positions. It is what causes polemics in Islam. In the view of Islam, women are prohibited from becoming leaders because the Qur'an and Hadith explicitly state this prohibition. However, some scholars argue that the contents of the Koran and hadith must be interpreted contextually. It is not merely textual, which means that the contents of the Qur'an and Hadith must be understood based on the socio-political context that surrounds them. The socio-political context that developed during the revelation of the contents of the Qur'an and hadith is different from the current socio-political context because in modern times, it is now legal for a woman to be a leader and there is no reason to forbid women from becoming leaders.
It is emphasized in the Qur'an Surah Al-Baqarah verse 30 which explains that all humans on earth are the same, anyone can become a caliph or leader who creates benefit on earth; Rasulullah SAW also said "Know that each of you is a leader and must be responsible for what he leads". Likewise, the hadith narrated by Muslim 3408 says that every human being is a leader and must be responsible for his leadership. Islam does not put women in the kitchen all the time, but it is a good thing to do. In Islam, women are expected to be able to take care of their families, but there are no obstacles to participate in developing themselves and empowering the community, of course without leaving their nature to take care of their families 1 . Women are often looked down upon by society. In fact, in Islam, the position of women and men is the same as leaders, the leader in question is the leader of the country and Islam also upholds the dignity of women. Then RA. Kartini, who is a pioneer and fighter in raising the rights of women, fights for the rights of women to be able to do anything, including being a leader.
On the other hand, women's leadership is often hindered by the understanding, perceptions and constructions (social, religious, cultural, political and economic) in the community. Gender differences are not a reason to discriminate against women. Thus, it is unfair if a person's abilities and achievements are measured by gender 2 . Eventhough female leaders are considered capable of motivating their subordinates to work harder, not because of orders but because of encouragement from their hearts 3 .
Developments in the digital era have positively impacted all aspects, including leadership. The digital era is a condition of life where all activities can be carried out efficiently and sophisticatedly through technology. In the face of readiness in the digital era, leaders worldwide are required to have digital-based leadership skills. Leadership in the digital era does not only master technical skills (hard skills) but is also able to master non-technical skills (soft skills) because the non-technical abilities possessed by a leader are considered to improve performance at work. Quoted from beritasatu.com, Country Managing Director of Accenture Indonesia, Neneng Goenadi said that being a leader in the digital era is undoubtedly different from the previous era because leaders can carry out their duties without having to meet face to face 4 .
It is a challenge in leadership in the digital era, where everything is dominated by digital, so strong leadership is needed through a woman to face global problems because women are considered to have a role in advancing the Indonesian nation through leadership. The potential of women in the digital era is huge; women are no longer afraid of digital developments 5 .
However, people's views that discriminate against gender in leadership make them distrust women's leadership. Society considers women incapable of leading, especially when faced with a situation where everything is digital-based. There are public doubts about women's ability in the field of technology due to the mindset of people who still think that a woman is not so important to get a higher education. Society judges a woman that it will not be effective as a leader who must always be ready to face the changes that occur.

Methods
This research uses a literature study method based on theoretical studies from searching journals, books, and papers both on a national and international scale. The journals and books used are taken from accredited journal sites, in Indonesian and English, with no more than ten years of 4 Kharina Triananda, 'CEO Perempuan Akan Makin Banyak' <https://www.beritasatu.com/gayahidup/254857/2030-ceo-perempuan-akan-makin-banyak>. 5 Hanni Sofia, 'Perempuan Dinilai Pegang Peran Besar Dalam Transformasi Era Digital' <https://m.antaranews.com/berita/2116882/peremp uan-dinilai-pegang-peran-besar-dalam-transformasiera-digital>. publication. The flow of writing is carried out systematically, starting from data collection to be studied, conceptualization, data analysis, results and discussion then conclusions and suggestions.

Women's Leadership in the Digital Era
Leadership is the key to the success of an organization. Leadership plays a role in achieving strategic organizational goals. The quality of leadership determines the success or failure of an organization. It has the consequence that every leader must pay attention, foster, mobilize, direct members or subordinates seriously so that organizational goals can be achieved as expected.
According to Nadaek, leadership is an ability where a person has to influence other people in a group to agree and understand something that must be done according to the goals that have been set. 6 In a leadership, influence becomes the main point. This is because leadership is the ability to influence a person's behavior and actions, so that they agree to work together in certain situations. This is so that everything that has been set can be achieved properly. 7 It can be concluded that women's leadership in the digital era is an ability that one has to influence others to cooperate to achieve common goals following the challenges of today's digital world.
Usually, leadership is associated with men, but times continue to develop so that it also requires women to be leaders in an organization. Discussing women's leadership is inseparable from gender equality or commonly referred to as gender. Gender is an identity that distinguishes between women and men based on their biological characteristics. Gender is a concept that explains the socio-cultural differences between women and men and is innate as God's creation 8 . This difference can be seen from the psychological and emotional as social characteristics, such as women, are gentle, emotional, beautiful, and motherly. In contrast, men are described as rational, strong, and mighty. These differences give rise to discrimination against women. Women are considered to have an emotional attitude so they are not suitable to be leaders.
Syamsiyah explained that there are several views of society that become a habit towards a woman, such as 9 : 1). theological view, that women are the rib of men, so that the position of women is under men, 2). Sociological view, women are considered only to take care of the domestic (household), 3) psychological view, that women are wives and do not need higher education, 4). the cultural view, that women are considered as figures who do not need education and are only complementary, and 5). the economic view, that many women are uneducated because they are not financially capable.
These views have led to discrimination against women, even though in this independent era, women have the right to do anything, including being a leader. In fact, women can become leaders both at low levels and in high positions on the condition that they are able to be professional and competent in leading 10 .
According to Manurung, an effective leader is not seen from his strength, but from his ability to achieve results by working hard and with high dedication. Therefore, a leader must inspire his subordinates to achieve his goals. According to Manurung, the following criteria must be met by women as leaders, which can be seen in the following figure: 11 Figure 1. Criteria for women's leadership in the digital era Based on the picture above, it is known that women will be effective as leaders if they have: 1). The futuristic vision that is looking far ahead, 2). Enthusiasm in working, this can be seen from the level of enthusiasm and participation, 3). Having a high creativity, always look for the best alternatives in problem-solving, 4). Always flexible, this means that leaders must be ready for changes in their leadership, including changes in the digital era, 5). Full of inspiration, a leader will be an example for Their team. Therefore, their must have excellent and intelligent ethics so that can inspire their team, 6). Having innovative ideas, leaders must be able to create innovations in their leadership, 7). Being a motivator, a leader must be able to encourage their team to work more efficiently and productively, motivation can be given directly or indirectly because basically, a member of team need attention from their leaders, 8). Always expressive and imaginative, the leader must be able to express their opinion to the team and have an imaginative mindset that is able to describe a problem and its solution so that their team can understand it (9). Experiment, leaders dare to try new

Mutia Kahanna
163 The Effectiveness of... things for the sake of their organization's continuity (10). Being independent, meaning that a leader is a fair person and does not side with anyone, 11). Transferring knowledge, a good leader is a leader who is willing to share the knowledge that he has acquired on the basis that their team develop by obtaining the latest information. Furthermore, based on the results of this study, female leadership, in general, is different from male leadership. It can be seen in the following Based on the table above, it can be seen that there is a significant difference between female leadership and male leadership. In the current situation, women are needed as leaders because the real experience of women as a leader is as a mother to their children. A mother is indicated as a leader who can build a politics of peace. Women can be said to be effective as leaders because they tend to be more patient, have empathy, and multitask 13 . 12 Fitriani. 13 Fitriani.
Asmani's research result 14 emphasize that women can become leaders if they have the capability, integrity, and maintain a balance with their domestic roles. The domestic role is the prominent and foundational role for a woman, namely her role in the family because the family is the source of inner and outer happiness. If the family is harmonious, it can be ascertained that leadership activities can run successfully and smoothly. However, if there is a severe problem in the family, the role of leadership activities can be disrupted. It is due to the disruption of comfort and concentration so that women will not get true happiness. Therefore, women leaders need to balance their roles as leaders with their domestic roles.
Then Astuti argues that women have roles and responsibilities in leadership at any level. Everyone can be a leader in anything, even a war leader, regardless of gender 15 . It confirms that there are no obstacles to leading even if a woman is seen from her gender status. It is also reinforced that women have extraordinary potential if they are made leaders. As stated by Devi Agustian, women have advantages when they become leaders, including 16  must continue to be echoed and inflamed so that a new perception is embedded in the community that women can be leaders.
Furthermore, it is strengthened again by the opinion of Eagly & Johnson which says that women have a high sense of caring, are democratic so that this figure is competent to become a leader in an organization 18 .

Leadership in the Digital Age
Digitalization starts from the word digitalization, which means explaining the process of the audio, print, and video to be digital. In its implementation, digitalization requires time, cost, effort and the ability to master the technique and after that the digitalization process occurs. Ismail believes that Indonesia is already in digitalization; this is evidenced by the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in all aspects 19 . Thus, according to Hoerudin, dynamic leaders are needed who are able to innovate and have thoughts that lead to digital 20 .
Digital transformation must go through a digitalization process. The application of digitalization can be seen from the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Big data for licensing acceleration, inventory planning/demand forecasting in the production chain and functioning for decision making. Therefore, a leader has a role in facing changing times in the digital era and can use it efficiently and productively so that his leadership's quality increases.
The emergence of the digital era brings changes in all aspects of life. Humans have used technology to do or make work easier, this is what has brought human civilization to the digital era. 21 The development of the digital era occurs continuously, because basically it is the people who demand that everything can be done instantly and quickly.
In general, the digital era is defined as a living condition where all activities in life can be done easily by using technology. It can also be said that this digital era is here to update past technology to become more practical and efficient.
Quoted from Kemenppa 22 , The digital era is where information can be obtained quickly and easily through technology with a computerized system connected to the internet. The presence of the internet, especially computer information technology, and the shift of mass media to new media (internet) are caused by a cultural shift in information delivery.
In the current situation, all aspects of life are associated with technology, including leadership, so leaders must have leadership skills in the digital era. A leader must be able to lead an organization by utilizing and mastering information and communication technology through digital media such as WhatsApp, Instagram, Facebook, Zoom etc. so that it can achieve the goals that have been set because a leader is a harmonic, balancer and mediator for the interests of the organization who can play various types of leadership to maintain the continuity of the organization. 23  achieve organizational goals. The capabilities of the digital era media make it easier for leaders to obtain information and make decisions 24 .
Gallardo & J said that the ability that must be possessed by a leader in this digital era is the ability to explore in dealing with technology-based situations and be able to select, analyze, evaluate information and data obtained by utilizing technology in solving problems 25 . In this digital era, leaders must master technology because leaders are human resources who greatly influence the success of an organization.
Based on a quote from a book Leaders of a New Planet, "to become a new world leader, before becoming a leader for many people, you must start with yourself." 26 The quote means that it is very important to have the ability to lead in the digital age before leading many people, needing to lead and learn about your self.
According to Husna, a leader must be master information technology so that he can be an example for his team 27 . Thus the leader must be able to deal with situations related to technology, and proficient in using media in every activity.
Then see this potential because all activities will be done digitally via the internet. b. Become an observer dan listener Leaders in the digital era must be able to be observers and listeners. The era that develops through social media makes members or subordinates want more attention. Leaders of the digital era must motivate their team by facilitating ideas from their team by observing and listening to them carefully c. Not easily give up The rapid development of technology will affect the economic level of an organization. Conditions like this must be faced with an attitude of never giving up. The leader must transmit this spirit to the team, so that a strong team is formed in the face of every change. d. Inclusive The word inclusive means "including in it" a leader is said to be inclusive if he can accommodate his team thoughts. Therefore, the leader should not impose the opinion because inclusion means choosing the bright thoughts of his team which are then implemented. e. Adapt quickly to changes An organization's future is determined by leaders' responses in the face of change. Leaders who can adapt quickly to changes that occur can undoubtedly bring their organizations to survive and thrive. f. Be Collaborative A good leader is a leader who can advance his organization with regular collaboration to make a bigger and sustainable movement. In addition, being a leader in the digital era is certainly different from traditional leadership, first in terms of communication.
In traditional leadership, communication is done directly or face to face, while in this The Effectiveness of... digital era communication can be done by utilizing electronic media such as WhatsApp, Facebook, Line, Instagram etc. Therefore, leaders must be skilled and have skills in using them. Second, in terms of members, because of the use of social networks in their activities, members are also virtual so that members' psychological responses and emotions are difficult to understand.
Third, in terms of quality aspects, both have the same quality, except that in the digital era, members and leaders are required to master digital-based technology.
Fourth, in terms of the need for space, traditional leadership requires an office to carry out activities, but in the digital era, an office in a certain location is not needed because the leader and his subordinates can communicate with each other in different places.
Fifth, in terms of the availability of team members. So far, in traditional leadership, teams or members are only available during office hours, but in the digital era, members can participate 24 hours and work anytime. So it can be concluded that leadership in the digital era is more flexible in terms of way, time, place and members in its leadership.
Apart from the superiority of leadership in the digital era, there are several challenges that a leader must face, where the leader must be reliable in technology, complete facilities and infrastructure and indirect communication skills for leaders are demanded in this era. Therefore, women are considered as gentle figures, willing to learn and ready to face challenges, so it can be said that women are effective in becoming leaders in the digital era.

The Effectiveness of Women's Leadership in the Digital Age
The development of the world keep changing rapidly. It includes technology that demands digitization in all areas of life, including leadership. Technology is proven to have a positive impact and ease of people's activities in carrying out their leadership because it has the nature of flexibility.
A report from industry.co.id, Eric Mary as Country Manager at Robert Walters Indonesia, one of the professional recruitment specialist companies on a global scale, believes that the digital era has changed the way people lead. The leader in the digital era need several criteria to be considered, namely 30 : a. Have the ability to communicate both directly and using technology-based channels such as email, WhatsApp, etc. b. Open-minded and willing to accept changes to the technology-based way of working c. Have sensitivity and speed in seeing a change d. Dare to take risks by trying new technology-based ways and comprehensively assessing which one is more effective. The ideal leader is not judged by the length of time he has worked, but from how he can take advantage of every potential that exists within him and is ready to face all changes in the digital era. Therefore, leaders rely not only on their experience but are also future-oriented by being ready to accept the changes that occur following the times.
Everyone, both male and female, has the potential to become a leader, but not all of them can develop their leadership potential. Women are scholars who can build dialogue in various elements in society and are Women are characterized as having a communicative nature, like to share power, cooperation and participation. The traits that exist in women are seen as determining factors for their leadership effectiveness, even though these characteristics may exist in male leadership. So both women and men have the potential to become leaders depending on how they run it 34 .
Women have the traits of success to become leaders because they have patience, empathy, multitasking, and can face and do things simultaneously. Then women also can negotiate by establishing networking. These traits and abilities also exist in men, but women most often show them. brings for the advancement of the organization. Umar also emphasized that women carry out their leadership with cultural values, especially in communicating 37 . Women are also more likely to use democratic leadership in their work so as to create a conducive work climate in the organization. Supported by the results of Purnamasari's research which states that it is very possible for women to become leaders in the digital era, because Islam emphasizes that both men and women are important to study (education) 38 . The quality of the ability to lead can be obtained from his education, so whether male or female, whoever can take advantage of it that will be the leader.
In line with that, the results of research by Yulianti & et al, say that women are effective in becoming leaders in the digital era because they have a responsible attitude and are ready to face any challenges that occur 39 . Women leaders tend to be comfortable sharing information, rationality, respecting intuition, ready to accept risks, and ready to respond to changes in the digital era, quoted from ardanakonsultan.com 40 .
Basically, what women need to become leaders in the digital era is a burst of initiative, creativity to move forward, computers and network connections in the world of leadership 41 . This is corroborated by the results of Eagly's research which explains that in the United States, women are increasingly being praised for having excellent leadership skills. In fact, female leadership is more than 37  male leadership related to effective performance as a leader 42 . From the explanation above, it can be concluded that women are effective in becoming leaders in the digital era because basically women have an attitude of responsibility, dare to take risks and are ready to face challenges in the digital era.

Conclusion
Based on the above study, it can be concluded that women as unique creatures with a gentle, caring and empathetic attitude have the potential to become leaders. In this modern era, many women are struggling in leadership. Similarly, men and women also can be leaders.
Women are effective in leading in the digital era because women also can use technology, communication, leadership activities, meeting places, and times to be done virtually using digital-based technology. Therefore, leaders must master all digitalbased things so that their leadership runs flexibly according to the times.
Women's leadership in the digital era has proven to be effective in carrying out leadership in terms of being responsible, caring and ready to face challenges in the digital era without compromising their domestic role.
In addition, the Islamic view also allows anyone to become a leader with the rules that they must be able to utilize the knowledge they have and some experts say that women are effective as leaders if they can balance their leadership with their domestic roles, namely roles in their personal lives. Women are patient figures, have empathy and are ready to face the challenges that will occur because they are willing to learn and solve problems that occur in their leadership so that they are influential leaders in the digital era. 42 Eagly.